{"id":149392,"date":"2026-02-04T13:34:14","date_gmt":"2026-02-04T12:34:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/x-under-investigation-in-france-algorithms-minors-and-freedom-of-expression\/149392\/"},"modified":"2026-02-04T17:17:53","modified_gmt":"2026-02-04T16:17:53","slug":"x-under-investigation-in-france-algorithms-minors-and-freedom-of-expression","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/x-under-investigation-in-france-algorithms-minors-and-freedom-of-expression\/149392\/","title":{"rendered":"X under investigation in France, algorithms, minors and freedom of expression"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>On 3 February 2026, the headquarters of X (formerly Twitter) in France were searched in an operation conducted by the cybercrime division of the Paris public prosecutor&#8217;s office<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The investigation<\/h2>\n\n<p>It all began on 12 January 2025, with a report sent to the Paris public prosecutor&#8217;s office by Renaissance MP \u00c9ric Bothorel, who raised concerns about &#8216;changes to X&#8217;s algorithm, as well as apparent interference in its management following its acquisition by Elon Musk&#8217; in 2022. At the same time, another report was filed by a cybersecurity director working in the public sector, who denounced changes to X&#8217;s algorithm that allegedly led to an over-representation of &#8220;nauseating political content.&#8221; <\/p>\n\n<p>The investigation then begins, expanding further and further thanks to the addition of new elements, such as the unlawful theft of computer data and the illegal management of an online platform by an organised group.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Risks to minors, from psychological damage to child pornography<\/h2>\n\n<p>Then, in November 2025, the specialised J3 section of the Paris Public Prosecutor&#8217;s Office began investigating cases of &#8216;complicity in the possession of child pornography images&#8217; and &#8216;complicity in the organised distribution, offering or making available&#8217; of such content. In January 2026, many Internet users began to complain about the dissemination on social networks, via the Grok account \u2013 accessible to anyone \u2013 of fake nude photos (deepnudes) generated by the tool without the consent of the people targeted, mainly women and also minors. The report by the NGO AI Forensics, published at that time, analysed 20,000 images generated by Grok between 25 December 2025 and 1 January 2016, establishing that more than half depicted scantily clad individuals. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/lia-grok-che-fa-capo-a-elon-musk-al-centro-di-scandali-deepfake\/149049\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">We wrote about it here.<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n<p>Now, following the search, the prosecutor&#8217;s office has confirmed that it has sent Musk and former CEO Linda Yaccarino a summons to appear for questioning in Paris on 20 April. Employees of Platform X have also been summoned to appear as witnesses during the week of 20 to 24 April 2026. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Social media ban for under-15s<\/h2>\n\n<p>Meanwhile, after six months of hearings and 31,000 testimonies, the French parliamentary inquiry has initiated the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.assemblee-nationale.fr\/dyn\/17\/dossiers\/proteger_mineurs_reseaux_sociaux_17e%23AN1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">legislative process for a bill (2107)<\/a> prohibiting the use of such platforms by minors under the age of 15 in France, following a study carried out by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.assemblee-nationale.fr\/dyn\/17\/organes\/autres-commissions\/commissions-enquete\/tiktok\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Commission of Inquiry into the psychological effects of TikTok on minors,<\/a> established by the National Assembly on 13 March 2025 to investigate reports from civil society regarding the possible side effects of social network use on young people&#8217;s mental health.<\/p>\n\n<p>And it has been reported in recent days that Spain is following suit by planning to ban children under 16.<\/p>\n\n<p>Last weekend saw the explosion of Moltbook, a new social network where AI publishes and humans watch: a network of AI agents that interact with each other, establishing rules, hierarchies and codes of conduct. Beyond all the conjecture that has emerged so far, one question that may not yet have been addressed concerns how the new social network could be used in the sphere of child pornography, given that traditional networks, which currently employ people to moderate content, would find it difficult to detect such content on Moltbook. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The DSA fine and the unpleasant attitude of the USA<\/h2>\n\n<p>Europe also took a stand against Musk&#8217;s platform through the Digital Services Act (DSA): the legislation requires large platforms to declare the number of people employed for content moderation, and the third transparency report, produced at the end of October by Musk&#8217;s social network, showed that the platform was cutting back on moderation. So in December, X was fined by the European Commission for failing to comply with the DSA, due to misleading &#8216;blue tick&#8217; graphics, a lack of transparency in its advertising archive and failure to provide researchers with access to public data. The first penalty imposed by the DSA since its entry into force was levied on one of Trump&#8217;s closest associates: \u20ac120 million. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/lantipatico-atteggiamento-usa-verso-la-normativa-tech-europea\/147218\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">US House hearings held up to that point to curb European regulations and the US president&#8217;s previous threats<\/a>, such as the famous one <a href=\"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/lantipatico-atteggiamento-usa-verso-la-normativa-tech-europea\/147218\/\">posted on his Truth social media platform<\/a>, had been to no avail: &#8216;As president of the United States, I will stand up to nations that attack our amazing American tech companies,&#8217; he wrote, explicitly referring to the DSA and the DMA. He added: &#8216;I am warning all nations with digital taxes, legislation, rules and regulations that, if these discriminatory measures are not withdrawn, as President of the United States, I will impose additional substantial taxes on these nations&#8217; exports to the US and restrict exports of our protected technology and chips to them&#8217;.    <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The power of freedom of expression in France. The other Musk, Durov <\/h2>\n\n<p>When freedom of expression exceeds its limits and becomes complicit, the Paris public prosecutor&#8217;s office springs into action. To date, it has also been monitoring the investigations of another champion of freedom of expression, Durov. The CEO of another platform, Telegram, was arrested in August 2024, as soon as he got off the plane at Paris airport &#8211; we covered the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/durov-telegram-reati-intrigo-internazionale-e-liberta-di-parola\/142234\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Durov case in this investigation<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/durov-tuona-telegram-cresce\/146413\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">its updates<\/a>. Some of the 12 charges against Durov are similar to those now levelled at Musk: six relate to charges of complicity, ranging from &#8216;operating an online platform to facilitate an illegal transaction within an organised group&#8217; to complicity in the possession, distribution and sharing of child pornography. In addition, there are charges of complicity in trafficking programmes to carry out cyber attacks. Durov has rejected the charges, arguing that he is not responsible for the behaviour of users on the platform and calling the case &#8216;absurd&#8217;. Now, even though he has been allowed to leave France temporarily, he is still under investigation.       <\/p>\n\n<p>In this fragmented scenario, amid judicial investigations, geopolitical clashes and increasingly opaque platforms, the central question remains unresolved: who really governs the digital space? This is the response of the inventor of the web, Tim Berners-Lee, who <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2026\/jan\/29\/internet-inventor-tim-berners-lee-interview-battle-soul-web\">has stated that he is engaged in a &#8216;battle for the soul&#8217; of the Internet<\/a>, and that &#8216;We can fix the Internet&#8230; It&#8217;s not too late&#8217;, despite the fact that the commercialisation of the network has been &#8216;optimised for malice&#8217;. Tim Berners-Lee&#8217;s words sound more like a warning than a hope: repairing the Internet is still possible, but only if freedom is not confused with the absence of responsibility. Because when the algorithm becomes power, neutrality ceases to exist. (photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/it\/@jordanbracco?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText\">Jordan Bracco<\/a> on <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/it\/foto\/un-paio-di-persone-che-sono-in-piedi-in-strada-nhpIweajpco?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText\">Unsplash<\/a>) <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The battle for the &#8216;soul&#8217; of social media: algorithms, power and the limits of freedom of expression in the age of social media and AI<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":125,"featured_media":149371,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1346],"tags":[2236,1331,1138,2087],"companies":[3176],"journalist":[1515],"class_list":["post-149392","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-must-read","tag-europa-en","tag-innovation-en","tag-law","tag-social-media-en","companies-x-en","journalist-giacomo-mele-en"],"featured_sizes_urls":{"thumbnail":{"src":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/jordan-bracco-nhpIweajpco-unsplash.webp","width":150,"height":100,"crop":false,"srcset":false,"alt":"social network francia"},"large":{"src":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/jordan-bracco-nhpIweajpco-unsplash.webp","width":1024,"height":682,"crop":false,"srcset":false,"alt":"social network francia"},"2048x2048":{"src":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/jordan-bracco-nhpIweajpco-unsplash.webp","width":1280,"height":853,"crop":false,"srcset":false,"alt":"social network francia"}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>X under investigation in France, algorithms, minors and freedom of expression<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The battle for the &#039;soul&#039; of social media: algorithms, power and the limits of freedom of expression in the age of social media and AI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/x-under-investigation-in-france-algorithms-minors-and-freedom-of-expression\/149392\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta 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Co-fondatore di Designtech, l\u2019hub di innovazione che avvicina il mondo del design con quello della tecnologia. Advisor di Austrian Business Agency, Emil Banca, Fondazione Symbola, Fondazione Quadrans. Partecipa regolarmente a incontri, convegni, conferenze dedicate all\u2019ecosistema dell\u2019innovazione. E\u2019 stato co-organizzatore degli Italian Innovation Day and Series che si sono svolti dal dal 2016 al 2020 nelle citt\u00e0 di Tokyo in Giappone, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Canberra in Australia e Singapore e co-organizzatore dell\u2019Italy India Innovation Day di AIICP 2021 e 2022. Ha curato il volume \u2018L\u2019innovazione che non ti aspetti. Contesti e visioni per l\u2019impresa\u2019 , l\u2019edizione italiana di \u2018La startup digitale, guida pratica step by step\u2019 e ha scritto la prefazione all\u2019edizione italiana de \u2018La quarta era\u2019 di Byron Reese, ed \u00e8 co-autore di \u2018Cosa e Dove: strategie digitali di ricerca del lavoro\u2019, tutti editi da FrancoAngeli. In passato \u00e8 stato curatore di StartupDigest Italy, coordinatore scientifico del Forum per la Ricerca della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, board member di TechChill Milano advisor di di ScaleIT , ha collaborato con Il Sole 24 Ore \u00e8 stato direttore di Innov\u2019azione, bimestrale edito da Apsti, ha collaborato con Corriere Innovazione ed \u00e8 stato presidente del comitato di selezione del Premio Marzotto e advisor di Cetif-Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Milano.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.abirascid.com\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/emilabirascid\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/emilabirascid\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.startupbusiness.it\\\/en\\\/author\\\/emil-abirascid\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"X under investigation in France, algorithms, minors and freedom of expression","description":"The battle for the 'soul' of social media: algorithms, power and the limits of freedom of expression in the age of 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giornalista, fondatore e direttore di Startupbusiness, il primo magazine sull\u2019ecosistema startup e innovazione italiano. Co-fondatore di Designtech, l\u2019hub di innovazione che avvicina il mondo del design con quello della tecnologia. Advisor di Austrian Business Agency, Emil Banca, Fondazione Symbola, Fondazione Quadrans. Partecipa regolarmente a incontri, convegni, conferenze dedicate all\u2019ecosistema dell\u2019innovazione. E\u2019 stato co-organizzatore degli Italian Innovation Day and Series che si sono svolti dal dal 2016 al 2020 nelle citt\u00e0 di Tokyo in Giappone, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Canberra in Australia e Singapore e co-organizzatore dell\u2019Italy India Innovation Day di AIICP 2021 e 2022. Ha curato il volume \u2018L\u2019innovazione che non ti aspetti. Contesti e visioni per l\u2019impresa\u2019 , l\u2019edizione italiana di \u2018La startup digitale, guida pratica step by step\u2019 e ha scritto la prefazione all\u2019edizione italiana de \u2018La quarta era\u2019 di Byron Reese, ed \u00e8 co-autore di \u2018Cosa e Dove: strategie digitali di ricerca del lavoro\u2019, tutti editi da FrancoAngeli. In passato \u00e8 stato curatore di StartupDigest Italy, coordinatore scientifico del Forum per la Ricerca della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, board member di TechChill Milano advisor di di ScaleIT , ha collaborato con Il Sole 24 Ore \u00e8 stato direttore di Innov\u2019azione, bimestrale edito da Apsti, ha collaborato con Corriere Innovazione ed \u00e8 stato presidente del comitato di selezione del Premio Marzotto e advisor di Cetif-Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Milano.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.abirascid.com\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/emilabirascid","https:\/\/x.com\/emilabirascid"],"url":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/author\/emil-abirascid\/"}]}},"author_name":"Emil Abirascid","categories_names":["Must Read"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/149392","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=149392"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/149392\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":149395,"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/149392\/revisions\/149395"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/149371"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=149392"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=149392"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=149392"},{"taxonomy":"companies","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/companies?post=149392"},{"taxonomy":"journalist","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.startupbusiness.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/journalist?post=149392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}